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From the beginning of economic thought there are two approach to principal economic problem: the problem of the value of goods. To dominant scientific thinking: on the occasion of exchange goods and money are being exchanged as equivalents. To alternative commonsense thinking: on the occasion of exchange, it is being given less but got more (both seller and buyer realize a profit). At commonsense thinking, Milton Friedman says: “The fundamental defect in all such reasoning is the failure to recognize that what is called a profit or an excess of receipts over expenditures is also a cost.” Friedman’s statement is projected upon supposition that the costs and utilities, incorporated in commodities, are monetary equivalents. However, upon this condition exists today dominant monetary theory and policy of credit money. Real equilibrium between costs and utilities can exist only in the stationary society without alterations in the level of economic rationality. Each alteration in the level of economic rationality alters relations between costs and utilities. The growth of economic rationality in production includes both the growth of production by constant costs and the constant production by diminishing the costs. The growth of economic rationality in consumption includes both the growth of utility from the constant quantity of goods and the constant utility from diminishing the quantity of goods. The quantum of utility which is equivalent to costs I denote as a necessary utility (i.e. necessary for compensating the costs) and the quantum of utility over necessary utility produced by the growth (i.e. created from the growth) of economic rationality I denote as - the surplus of utility. The total quantity of money in society is composed by the quantity of money in circulacion (M1) and the quantity of money out of circulation (M2). The quantity of money in circulation is: P = prices level = constant Q = quantity of products V = velocity of circulation of money |